DO OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE CITIZENSHIP TESTS?
By Peter J. Spiro, 2020; The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship, 2018; Diego Acosta, 2018; Nils A. Butenschon et al.,2000; Samuel P. Huntington’s 2005; Patrick Weil, 1789
The majority of nations' naturalisation examinations place a larger emphasis on the day-to-day components of social participation. Those wishing to naturalise in the United Kingdom must take the "Life in the UK" test, as mandated by law passed in 2005, which requires applicants to show "adequate understanding of life in the United Kingdom."
"Some of the questions (applicants must properly answer eighteen of twenty-four) involve culture, geography, and political systems, similar to the US questionnaire."
Some are obvious ("What is the capital of the United Kingdom?"); others are intuitive ("There is no space in British society for extremism or intolerance"-true or false? ); and yet others must be taught (the date of the Battle of Bosworth Field or when women were given an equal right to vote).
The UK naturalisation phase, on the other hand, seeks to test the applicant's understanding of social norms and ability to navigate the country. There are questions regarding Valentine's Day, bar hours, and what people eat on Christmas.
"While the bulk of questions concern white, Anglican, monarchical features of British culture, there are also questions about Ramada, Hanukkah, and the Sikh holiday Vaisakhi."
Applicants are judged on their abilities to find work, pay taxes, and negotiate the social insurance system. (The original version of the exam was panned for included problematic material on "daily necessities," such as what to do if you spill drink on someone at a bar.)
In contrast to the US test, the subject on which the questions are based is available in advance, but the questions themselves are not.
The UK exam has a low pass rate (about one-third of test-takers fail), however naturalisation candidates may repeat the examination as many times as they need to pass (albeit they may be charged £50 for each attempt).
Germany used to send citizenship "inspectors" to applicants' homes to see whether they had fully integrated into German society. The joke was (maybe only half-jokingly) that one needed to have Schiller on their bookshelves to fulfil the acculturation standards, and discretionary citizenship was seldom granted.
Germany currently administers a metric that is equivalent to those used in other countries.
"As in the British procedure, applicants for German citizenship must show adequate understanding of the German way of life."
The Dutch "integration criteria" describe linguistic proficiency as well as cultural awareness, including cultural standards. (Those who have certain certifications or degrees (not all of which are academic) may be rejected.
The Dutch integration test has a pass rate of around 75%. In Germany, it is more than 90%. Some European nations may be more rigorous than others. In 2016, the failure rate in Denmark was about 70%, with questions such as "Which Danish restaurant got its third Michelin star in February 2016?" on the questionnaire.
Naturalization candidates in any nation are required to take integration classes in addition to sitting the test. In Europe, these courses are comprehensive, with instruction ranging from 400 to 900 hours.
These lessons are primarily devoted to preparing prospective candidates for the language sufficiency requirements, which are integrated with the civics test. In some countries, completing an integration test is sufficient to meet civics requirements.
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1. Photo by Avery Evans on Unsplash
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