DOES MILITARY SERVICE RESULT IN CITIZENSHIP?


By Peter J. Spiro, 2020; The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship, 2018; Diego Acosta, 2018; Nils A. Butenschon et al.,2000; Samuel P. Huntington’s 2005; Patrick Weil, 1789


Noncitizens who join the military services, like those whose naturalisation would benefit the state the most, are often offered a fast track to citizenship.


Instead of the usual five-year norm, noncitizens may naturalise after a single year of active service, none of which must be in the United States.


Naturalization is automatically granted upon enlisting during certain periods of warfare.


Both world wars, as well as the Korean and Vietnam crises, are considered eras of hostilities for citizenship reasons.


In a July 2002 executive order, President George W. Bush defined the time period beginning with the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks as the cause of the provision. The 2002 order is still in effect.


Noncitizens are estimated to make up 3 to 4% of US armed services enlisted personnel. Over 125,000 military members have become naturalised in the United States since the 2002 action.


Almost 10% of these naturalised citizens were sworn in outside of the federal United States, which is the only way naturalisation is authorised.


Often unique to the US citizenship process, eligibility is not predicated on permanent resident status, despite the fact that naturalisation of legal non-immigrants is uncommon, to the point that permanent residency is virtually always required for enlisting.


(The Military Accessions Vital to the National Interest initiative, MANVNI, a limited pilot programme to attract noncitizens with critical language and other abilities, allowed students and other temporary immigrants to gain citizenship directly, but the programme has been administratively strangled by the Trump administration.)


Under the legislation, naturalisation may be revoked if a person is dishonourably dismissed before serving five years.


Other countries often waive citizenship requirements for non-citizens serving in the military, though few do so immediately upon enrollment.


Many members of the French Foreign Legion are disqualified after just three years of service, rather than the regular five. Enlistees in Canada are released after two years, rather than five.


Since 1990, noncitizens slain in the line of service in the United States have been given posthumous citizenship. 59 persons who died while serving in the military have been granted posthumous citizenship.


Despite the fact that this is just symbolic for the dead military member, serving spouses and children who seek to naturalise are exempt from the durational citizenship criterion.


References:


1. Jessica Radanavong on Unsplash


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